Elucidating Challenges Account Corporations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Which Issues Are Being Faced By The Multinational Organizations Related To The Accounting Aspect While Performing The Business Operations At The Global Level? Which Accounting Policies Can Be Adopted By The Multinational Organizations For Coping With These Issues? What Are The Impacts Of These Issues Related To Accounting On The Multinational Organizations And Their Performance? Answers: Presentation Worldwide associations are working at the worldwide level and for the powerful execution of the tasks, it is indispensable to agree to the bookkeeping and expense framework. This will help in settling the issues or questions looked by the associations in a superior way. Various issues are being looked by the worldwide associations which are making an effect on the activities of the business (Mann, 2012). These issues incorporate vague, irregularity and ever-changing tax collection rules. A compelling expense and bookkeeping framework must be received by the associations in order to recoup from the downturn, working in the worldwide market, adapting to the outside duty guidelines at the nearby and worldwide level and adapting to the issues of spending deficiencies (McKinley Owsley, 2013). This exploration will concentrate on the bookkeeping issues which are influencing the exhibition of global associations by concentrating on Apple Inc. Venture Objective Targets are defined with a thought process to frame a base for the information assortment process. Destinations help in managing the specialist towards the correct heading. The target of this examination program is to break down the issues identified with the bookkeeping part of the global association during the execution of the business activities at universal level. Another goal is to break down the bookkeeping approaches which can be embraced by the global associations for adapting to the issues. Task Scope The focal point of this examination program will be on the different bookkeeping measures embraced by Apple Inc. also, issues which are being looked by the organization during the dispatch of its items in the outer market. Diverse bookkeeping guidelines will be shrouded in this examination program which is being embraced for the administration of interior condition by the association. It will concentrate on the issues and arrangements accessible for unraveling the issues looked by the worldwide associations. Writing Review In the expressions of Freedman (2011), bookkeeping is a significant perspective which incorporates a chronicle of the exchanges executed by the association and keeping the records of the exchanges. It is basic for the associations working at a global level to consider the duty ward for conforming to rules and guidelines. There is a need to agree to the changing tax collection rules and guidelines (Kravitz, 2016). It has been prescribed to the associations to take on the universal activities by meeting the assessment rules that everyone must follow. Various standards should be received by the organization in order to coordinate with the duty rules and guidelines (Lipin, 2011). Another issue which is being looked by the associations at worldwide level is income acknowledgment. Income is a significant component for the fiscal reports (Gornik-Tomaszewski Showerman, 2010). Income acknowledgment is considered as a significant bookkeeping strategy which decides when to perceive the income created from the offer of the results of the organization (Norton, 2011). Exploration Design and Methodology Various strategies are available which can be received by the analyst to direct the examination program by gathering quality information. Investigation has been done of the different strategies accessible for the choice of the most reasonable and suitable techniques for the consummation of the exploration and achieving the targets characterized. In this examination program, the attention is on an assortment of the information with respect to the issues identified with the bookkeeping which are being looked by the associations while execution of the activities of the business at the worldwide level. There are different bookkeeping strategies utilized by the global associations for defeating these issues. Information in regards to these viewpoints will be gathered with the utilization of the chose strategies for information assortment. Exploration plan: examination has been done of subjective and quantitative examination strategy in order to choose the most proper technique for information assortment. Subjective examination strategy has been favored for this exploration program. Subjective examination techniques use semi-organized or unstructured strategies for the assortment of the information with respect to the perspective (Kielmann, et. al., 2012). The explanation for the determination of this strategy is the information given by the subjective exploration technique with respect to the issue, perspective or the pattern (Acaps, 2012). The better investigation will be done of the issues looked by the global associations with respect to the bookkeeping angle while dealing with the business activities. This examination technique will help in collecting quality information with respect to the bookkeeping issues looked by the Multinational associations. Exploration approach: subjective methodology has been decided for this examination program among the different choices accessible. The rationale behind the determination of this methodology is an assortment of the significant information for the examination venture. Essential and optional sources are applied to the amassing of the necessary information. This methodology guarantees the nature of the information just as adds to the dependability and credibility of the information. Information assortment: gathering the necessary information is a fundamental part of each examination as it decides the nature of the exploration work completed by the specialist. Essential and auxiliary sources have been browsed the rundown of accessible strategies for information assortment. Essential information is the crude information which gets amassed explicitly for the examination program by the scientist straightforwardly from the respondents. This data is direct information as it is gathered straightforwardly from the respondents (Thomas, 2015). Auxiliary information is the recycled information which gets collected from crafted by different scientists from web or papers (Johnston, 2014). At the point when the conversation is made with respect to the unwavering quality, optional information is considered over the essential information (Turkenburg McAuley, 2013). Testing technique: after examination of the diverse inspecting strategies, arbitrary testing has been picked. Arbitrary inspecting procedure is a methodology where choice of the example is done on an irregular premise which disposes of the determination of the examples on the one-sided premise (Banerjee, 2012). Tests get chose by giving equivalent chance of getting chose for the examination and assessment process (Alvi, 2016). Examination procedure: for the consummation of the exploration program in a fruitful way, there is a need to embrace a technique which will guarantee the culmination of the exploration by covering each viewpoint. A consecutive system is a successful methodology for guaranteeing the fulfillment of examination in a pre-characterized request. This will cover each movement one after one for the accomplishment of the goals. Directed market: this term can be characterized as the spot from where information with respect to the exploration program is to be collected. Exploration information must be assembled by focusing available from where information must be gathered. Essential information will be collected with the assistance of a poll to the representatives working in the records division of the global associations. Optional information will be collected from the web sources, for example, diaries, sites, notices, and articles. Time period: an activity plan has been set up with a target to characterize the timeframe in which each action of the exploration must be finished. This time span will fill in as an outline for each action of the exploration. Moral contemplations: morals helps in managing the person towards the set in stone. While leading the exploration program, focal point of the analyst ought to be on directing the examination in a reasonable way. For this exploration venture, barely any moral perspectives have been thought about. These moral angles are secrecy, absence of prejudice or reasonableness and trustworthiness. Exploration Limitations Examination restrictions can be characterized as the obstacles or issues which influences the execution procedure of the exploration program. Recognizable proof of the examination confinements should be done in a viable way as these restrictions make an effect on the fruitful consummation of the exploration program. Various methodologies are being utilized by the scientists for beating these restrictions and end of the effect of these confinements on the examination program. Nature of the exploration may get influenced because of the nearness of the examination impediments. Examination confinements distinguished during the execution procedure of this exploration venture are absence of accessibility of assets, inadequate timeframe and absence of option to get to the information. Time Schedule (Research Plan) Arrangement Exercises Date of inception Span (ways) Date of fruition A) Choice of the examination point 24 January 2018 1 24 January 2018 B) Planning plans for encircling a base for the examination 25 January 2018 5 29 January 2018 C) Execution of the plans encircled 30 January 2018 7 05 February 2018 D) Choice of strategies for collecting of the information 06 February 2018 1 06 February 2018 E) Utilizing chosen strategies for information assortment 07 February 2018 6 12 February 2018 F) Examination and assessment 13 February 2018 3 15 February 2018 G) End and suggestions 16 February 2018 1 16 February 2018 End From the above conversation, it tends to be expressed that various difficulties are being looked by Apple Inc. while the recor

‘A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove’ by James Moloney Essay

Carl Matt is a multi year old kid who has needed to manage some entirely out of line circumstances, however he is certainly not by any means the only one in the novel to confront groundbreaking occasions. While Carls life takes the most perceptible turn in the novel, a significant number of his individual characters lives likewise change after his appearance. On appearance in Wattle Beach, Carls venture drives him to the character, Skip Duncan. Skip has likewise been managed uncalled forever challenges. The way that Carl is a Matt makes numerous difficulties for Skip. Skips little girl, Maddie likewise changes during the time Carl spends in Wattle Beach. Numerous characters change all through the novel yet Carl is certainly the most dominating. Carl Matt changes all through the novel. Carl Matt is only a modest, dismal character toward the start of the book. In the beginning Carl was a sucker he simply let individuals continue trampling him. For instance Carl sees Sarah (his sister) arranging an occasion for herself, But Carl realized that she wouldnt return, and he didn't utter a word. He simply left for Aunt Beryls and made himself feel that he was simply leaving for a vacation. When Carl arrives at Wattle Beach he feels like an untouchable. He stood up too out of nowhere and the seat toppled over in reverse. Faces went to appreciate the satire as he corrected the seat, his skin blushed with furious embarrassment.(Quote pg28). This statement shows that Carl isn't a piece of a gathering; he is only another child that nobody knows or likes. Be that as it may, following half a month a Wattle Beach Carl finds a new line of work, which causes him to feel as though he is required. Carl is continually developing in this book, at the outset Carl wouldnt even fantasy about conversing with Maddie however toward the finish of the novel Maddie is one of Carls closest companions. Carl becomes more friendly toward the end and shows Wattle Beach and Wisemans Cove inhabitants who he truly is My name is Carl Matt M-A-T-T (Quote pg 231). In any case, Carl disobediently isnt the one in particular who changes all through the novel. Carls business Skip Duncan additionally changes and in a major manner. At the point when we are acquainted with Skip Duncan, we meet a fickle and abrupt man. To start with Skip Duncan loathes all Matts however Carl Matt is the person who alters his perspective. Toward the beginning Carl approaches Skip for an occupation however when Skip discovers his last name Skip detonates Matt, the word detonated. Skirt turned againâ to Joy is this a joke? You bring a Matt onto my flatboat, let him come her approaching me for a vocation! He was yelling when he arrived at the final word, outrage swelling in his face. Get off my freight boat, he shouted at the kid. (Statement pg 66). Skip detonates at poor Car, when he doesn't have the foggiest idea what sort of an individual Carl is. This persuades Skip is very judgemental individual. Despite the fact that in the first place Skip is very, judgemental he develops all through the term of the novel. By turning out to be not so much judgemental but rather more keen on meeting the individual not the last name He loosened up his arm, hand open and Carl took it, a freezing tricky hold enduring not so much as a second.(Quote pg 133), this handshake despite the fact that it might be short shows that Skip has beaten the way that Carl is a Matt and has acknowledged him for being CARL Matt. Thin, tanned, blonde, Maddie Duncan is the young lady that everybody needs to be or be with. In any case, alongside being pretty she additionally has an exceptionally terrible mentality, yet that changes all through the novel. At the point when we initially meet Maddie Duncan we meet a spoilt whelp. She has a terrible disposition and imagines that everybody adores her. In any case, Carl, Justine and Joy help to change her into an individual that individuals truly like. That is one bit of leeway Carl and I have over you said Justine Youre fortunate at that point was Maddies answer (Quote pg 150), this statement gives us that Maddie was spoilt and stroppy however after this little scene Joy converses with Maddie and her disposition changes. She was excessively vulnerable with chuckling and weariness to challenge him for the pizza now(Quote pg 181)This statement shows that she has changed into an individual that individuals truly like, she has discarded her disposition and dumped the ad ditional things (Nathan Trelfo). This implies she is a more liberated individual and is agreeable inside herself, which toward the start of the novel she wasnt. Maddie additionally figures out how to go to bat for herself, as she doesnt let Nathan push her around. Shows youre a superior appointed authority that me. Maddie chuckled He said some horrendous stuff regarding your sibling and Aunt (quote pg 154). This shows Maddie is tired of Nathan and is prepared to dump him which she does later in the novel. Maddie Duncan is continually changing through the story, now and then to improve things and some of the time for the most noticeably terrible. In any case, the most significant thing is that her and the individuals around her are cheerful. Carl Matt encounters numerous life changing changes all through the novel. Anyway he isn't the one and only one. Skip Duncan develops from being judgemental to being understanding. Maddie creates from a spoilt whelp to a caring companion. So despite the fact that Carl Matts life takes an enormous turn in the story, Skip and his little girl Maddie likewise have adjustments made to their lives.

Build Your List of Reasons to Quit Smoking

Build Your List of Reasons to Quit Smoking Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Why Making a List Might Be the Best Way to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on December 30, 2018 brankokosteski / E+ / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Most people who smoke wish they didnt. We live with a hatred for something we  think we cannot live without. The fear of serious illness is usually there too, lurking in the background, and always that awful feeling of being powerless to quit. We all have plenty of reasons to quit smoking, yet, we just cant seem to do it.  Nicotine addiction does that to a person. Acknowledging Smokers Denial As smokers, we live in denial about what cigarettes are doing to us. We have to, otherwise, there would be no comfort in smoking, no relief...no pleasure. Yes, we know that smoking causes cancer and emphysemaâ€"we know smoking kills and that were playing roulette with our health. However, we also know that most smoking-related diseases take years to develop, so we tell ourselves we have time, that nothing will happen to us. Besides, the bad stuff always happens to other people anyway, right? Right? Wrong. With upwards of 6 million people dying on this planet every year from tobacco use, chances are more than good that well end up a tragic addition to those statistics if we continue smoking. Every additional year we invest in smoking compromises our chances for survival all the more. Eventually, there comes a time for most smokers when the smokescreen starts to wear thin. And when it does, smoking loses its luster; its ability to soothe. Instead, smoking becomes a fearful, anxiety-ridden activity that has little to do with pleasure or relaxation, and we find ourselves thinking about quitting with every cigarette we light. Ready to Stop Smoking The fact that youre here reading this article is a good sign. Youre probably sick of smoking, and unhappy enough to be looking for  help. Good for you, because when it comes to overcoming the addiction to nicotine, education is key. The more you understand about how smoking affects you and what to expect as you wean yourself away from it, the better prepared youll be for success. Why Do You Want to Quit Smoking? What are the reasons behind your desire to stop smoking? Sit down with pen and paper and list them out. Include every single reason you can think of, from the largest, most obvious, to the smallest. Think about the pros and cons of smoking as you compose your list, and when youre done, make a copy to carry with you. Add to it when more reasons come to mind, and read your list  when resolve is at a low ebb. It will quickly help you get your priorities back in order and keep you on track with your quit program. Think of your list of reasons as a cornerstone in the foundation youre building for smoking cessation. Be Patient With Yourself Much of the process of release from nicotine addiction comes down to plain old practice. We taught ourselves to smoke one day at a time until it was interwoven into just about every activity in our lives. It only makes sense then, that we should allow ourselves the time it takes to retrain old habits into newer, healthier ones that dont involve smoking. Arm yourself with knowledge and support, and be patient. Youll grow stronger by the day. Success Starts in Our Minds   Once we get our thoughts moving in the right direction, taking positive action comes more easily.Its like a snowball rolling downhill. Channel your thoughts onto that sheet of paper, and youll begin to gain momentum. Once you start the snowball rolling, youll be amazed at what you can do to change your life for the better. If you want to change your life, change your mind.

New York Passes a Married Womens Property Act, 1848

Enacted: April 7, 1848 Before married womens property acts were passed, upon marriage a woman lost any right to control property that was hers prior to the marriage, nor did she have rights to acquire any property during marriage. A married woman could not make contracts, keep or control her own wages or any rents, transfer property, sell property or bring any lawsuit. For many womens rights advocates, womens property law reform was connected to suffrage demands, but there were supporters of womens property rights who did not support women gaining the vote. Married womens property law was related to the legal doctrine of separate use: under marriage, when a wife lost her legal existence, she could not separately use property, and her husband controlled the property.   Although married womens property acts, like that of New York in 1848, did not remove all the legal impediments to a married womans separate existence, these laws did make it possible for a married woman to have separate use of property she brought into marriage and property she acquired or inherited during marriage. The New York effort to reform womens property laws began in 1836 when  Ernestine  Rose  and Paulina Wright Davis began to gather signatures on petitions. In 1837, Thomas Herttell, a New York city judge, attempted to pass in the New York Assembly a bill to give married women more property rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton  in 1843 lobbied legislators to pass a bill. A state constitutional convention in 1846 passed a reform of womens property rights, but three days after voting for it, the delegates to the conventions reversed their position. Many men supported the law because it would protect mens property from creditors. The issue of women owning property was linked, for many activists, with the legal status of women where women were treated as the property of their husbands.   When the authors of the  History of Woman Suffrage  summarized the New York battle for the 1848 statue, they described the effect as to emancipate wives from the slavery of the old common law of England, and to secure to them equal property rights. Before 1848, a few laws were passed in some states in the U.S. giving women some limited property rights, but the 1848 law was more comprehensive. It was amended to include even more rights in 1860; later, married womens rights to control property were extended still more. The first section gave a married woman control over real property (real estate, for instance) she brought into the marriage, including the right to rents and other profits from that property.   The husband had, before this act, the ability to dispose of the property or use it or its income to pay for his debts.   Under the new law, he was not able to do that, and she would continue her rights as if she had not married. The second  section dealt with the personal property of married women, and any real property other than she brought in during marriage.   These too, were under her control, although unlike real property she brought into the marriage, it could be taken to pay debts of her husband. The third section dealt with gifts and inheritances given to a married woman by anyone other than her husband.   Like property she brought into the marriage, this also was to be under her sole control, and like that property but unlike other property acquired during marriage, it could not be required to settle her husbands debts. Note that these acts didnt completely free a married woman from economic control of her husband, but it did remove major blocks to her own economic choices. The text of the 1848 New York Statute known as the Married Womens Property Act, as amended in 1849, reads in full: An act for the more effectual protection of the property of married women: §1. The real property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, shall not be subject to the sole disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female. §2. The real and personal property, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband; but shall be her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female, except so far as the same may be liable for the debts of her husband heretofore contracted. §3. Any married female may take by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise real and personal property, and any interest or estate therein, and the rent s, issues, and profits thereof, in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, and the same shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor be liable for his debts. After the passage of this (and similar laws elsewhere), traditional law continued to expect a husband to support his wife during the marriage, and to support their children.   Basic necessaries the husband was expected to provide included food, clothing, education, housing, and health care.   The husbands duty to provide necessaries no longer applies, evolving because of an expectation of equality of the sexes.

Segregation in the 1970s - 855 Words

Imagine a world where prestige is evaluated by neither one’s character nor accomplishments, but predetermined by skin color. Visualize a world in which the nuances of skin color are used to sort and divide people amongst two factions: White or Black. Envision society segregated. Whites and Blacks tossed into two different worlds, as if mankind is a pile of dirty laundry which needs to be organized by color. The reality is this hypothetical world did in fact exist in the United States prior to the 1970s. Racial segregation is one of the most recognized branches of social stratification in American history. Jeannette Walls was a witness of the effects of segregation. She was born on April 21, 1960 in Phoenix, Arizona. Thus, she lived†¦show more content†¦However, it is prevalent that this isn’t the first time the girls have to try and get around on their own. Charlotte has made a habit of running away from her problems and despite her daughters’ desire to have a permanent home the girls frequently have to migrate from one place to another often. â€Å"Every time we run into a problem, we just leave,† I said. â€Å"But we always run into a new problem in the new place, and then we have to leave there, too. We’re always just leaving. Can’t we just for once just stay somewhere and solve the problem?† (Walls 236) Bean blatantly tells her mother that she is sick of running away from her problems and moving every time something goes wrong. She disagrees with Charlotte’s way of dealing with difficult situations which seems to be: when the goings gets tough pack your bags and get going. Bean represents Jeanette Walls’ desire to have had a stable family life as a child. Like Bean and Liz, she too had a neglecting mother who was also poor and traveled a ton. Jeanette Walls gives her audience an inside scoop of her dysfunctional childhood in â€Å"The Glass Castle† where she elaborates on her parents’ rashness in raising their children. â€Å"In it, she describes a hardscrabble childhood, during which her poverty-stricken parents evaded creditors byShow MoreRelatedSegregation in the 1970s1580 Words   |  7 Pagesneeds to be organized by color. The reality is this hypothetical world did in fact exist in the United States prior to the 1970s. Racial segregation is a vastly recognized branch of social stratification in American history. Jeannette Walls was a witness of the effects of segregation. She was born on April 21st, 1960 in Phoenix, Arizona. Thus, she lived through the segregation period in the South. Her books reflect experiences of her life, such as growing up in poverty simultaneous to being neglectedRead MoreEffects Of School Segregation On Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesPrior research on the causes and impact of school segregation has focused primarily on three areas: First, research documented the causes of segregation (Dorsey, 2015; Orfield, 2001). This body of research connects school districting, and the affordability of residential housing to the creation of segregated White and segregated Minority public schools districts. Second, research focused on the impact of segregation on student academic performance (Card, D. Rothstein, J., 2005). This researchRead MoreWelfare Policy845 Words   |   4 Pagesthe high poverty among immigrants (â€Å"Policy Basics: An Introduction to TANF, 2015). John F. McDonald (2003) discusses the decline in the concentration of poverty in the inner city of Chicago in the 1990s. 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Today, most kids that I know of, including myself, are very comfortable having friends of a different race, but as I have found out from watching the movie, Remember the Titans, that was not the case a shortRead MoreJudicial Process Research Paper1738 Words   |  7 PagesDaniella Roldan Cole Taratoot November 14, 2017 Introduction to Law and Judicial Process Paper Assignment Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S 267 (1977) On April 7, 1970 the Detroit Board of Education adopted a plan which provided for changes in twelve out of twenty one high school attendance zones in the city of Detroit, designed to affect a more balanced ratio of Negro and white students at the senior high school level. This plan was going to take effect over a three year period with the purpose of bringingRead MoreJustice Can Be Described As The Fairness, Equity, Evenhandedness,1308 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice we see today is Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was a major factor in the laws we see today regarding equality, and he set the stage for what society should be like today. An analysis of, â€Å"A Letter for Birmingham Jail,† and, â€Å"Segregation Now,† will tell what Martins understanding of just and unjust were, the effects of Tuscaloosa’s schooling district on society, and whether or not Judge Blackburn’s ruling was just or not based on Martins understanding of justice. Martin LutherRead MoreCape Town Is South Africa1659 Words   |  7 Pagesnations largest city. This capital city is known for is breathtaking landscapes and vibrant culture. However, Cape Town is home to a conflicted history in which is still evident in it’s urban fabric today. Apartheid, South Africa’s system of racial segregation created an immense divide in the populations of Cape Town. Not only was this divide social, but it was physical as well. Communities were segregated by race into varying townships. While this injustice was ended nearly two decades ago, inequalityRead MoreAfrican Americans During The 20th Century1261 Words   |  6 Pagescouple hundred years, countless battles have been fought in order to eliminate race as a social divider. Perhaps the most influential time frame for African-Americans in the United States would be from 1940-1970. During this time in America, Blacks everywhere were fighting against segregation and discrimination of their rac e. Consequently, the timeline of events that occurred during this time uncovers the numerous battles that African-American people fought in order to gain their freedom, and theirRead More21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race?1642 Words   |  7 Pages21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race? Racial segregation was a concept that began in early history and is still prevalent in some societies today. It is often seen as a destructive forceful tactic of separating individuals based on their racial background. However, many new immigrants voluntarily choose to live in a segregated society. Segregation can be easily seen in certain communities where there is a concentration containing a particular racial group. The area where oneRead MoreEssay A Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow1072 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws, Woodward advances that these policies were not a normal reaction to the loss of the war by Southern whites, but a result of other impetuses central to the time of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The earliest system of segregation can be found, interestingly enough, not in the South but in the North. This system, â€Å"with the backing of legal and extra-legal codes†¦permeated all aspects of Negro life in the free states by 1860† (Woodward 18). In the North, blacks were separated

The Latest Developments of Air Transport Free Essays

The commercial airline industry has grown from a few aircraft to that of a multi-billion pound industry. The Boeing 707 began a revolution in air travel when it entered service in1958.It was the first commercially successful jet aircraft. We will write a custom essay sample on The Latest Developments of Air Transport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since then aircraft manufacturers have strived to provide larger and more economical planes to aircraft companies. The basic appearance of commercial airliners has not changed much for over 50 years. Nevertheless, there has been a considerable increase in innovations and new technology within the aerospace industry. Advancements in engine efficiency, aerodynamics and new materials have all led to a significantly lower operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. There have been a number of significant innovations, especially on the Boeing 787, the latest wide body jet to enter service. Composite materials are now been used in the commercial aircraft industry. The Boeing 787 is primarily constructed from composite materials. They are used in most primary structures, particularly the fuselage (see fig1). By using a unique one piece composite barrel construction, (See fig 2) the 787 eliminates the need for any fuselage lap joints, doubler longitudinal skin splices. This has a dramatic reduction in weight and drag. In addition, it also significantly reduces the amount of maintenance and inspections required. Panel construction in aircraft such as the Boeing 707 requires additional joints, fasteners and splice plates, resulting in increased weight and inspections. An example of a composite, which is used on the Boeing 787 is carbon laminate. It comprises of layers of carbon fibre that are impregnated with a polymer. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopaedia.. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/composite+material. [Accessed 20th Novemberr 2011]. The use of composite materials ensures many advantages. They are lighter, stronger, do not corrode or fatigue, resist impacts better and are easier to examine during an inspection, compared with aluminium. Minor damage can be repaired at in less than an hour. Fig1 Corpu, (2007), plane [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=composites+on+aircraf [Accessed 01 December 11]. Fig 2 New Airplane, (2007), 21st Century Fuselage Construction [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.newairplane.com/787/design_highlights/#/VisionaryDesign/Composites/OnePieceBarrelConstruction [Accessed 01 December 11]. The most critical expense areas for aircraft fleets are fuel, maintenance and its residual costs. New aircraft have been designed and manufactured to lower these costs. Maintenance tasks have been reduced by 30 per cent, and inspections are required less frequently. A good example of this is the 787 which does not require its first heavy maintenance check until after 12 years of service. Another advantage of using composite materials, especially in the wing structure is that it gives aircraft such as the 787 a higher aspect ratio than previous aircraft, resulting in a higher Coefficient of Lift. A lighter aircraft will reduce fuel costs and therefore have a positive effect on the range equation. Advancements in aerodynamics have led to an increase in the overall efficiency of aircraft, becoming more fuel efficient by reducing drag. Components such as winglets and wingtip fences decrease vortices created at the wing tips which cause aerodynamic drag. Winglets | Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/winglets/. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Raked wing tips create a greater degree of sweep on an aircraft wing. This enhances the wings efficiency, by increasing the aspect ratio of the wing, therefore decreasing the amount of lift induced drag produced by the aircraft. This kind of drag can be reduced by up to 6%.with the implication of raked wing tips. Blended winglets can be attached to the wing giving a level curve in place of a sharp angle reducing interference drag at the wing. Wikipedia. 2011. Wikipedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wikipedia.com. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Riblet technology is a surface modification which consists of minute streamwise ridges and valleys, it has been proven to reduce local turbulent skin friction by up to 6 % . Houghton, E.L, 2003. Aerodynamics for Engineering Students. 5th ed. Oxford: Heinemann (book publisher). On the Boeing 767 double drooped slotted fowler flaps are used, whereas on the later 787 a simple hinged flap with drooping spoilers are used creating smoother wing technology. This results in a decrease in fuel consumption, weight, smaller fairings and fewer parts therefore reducing maintenance. Www.cdti.es/recourses/doc/eventosCDTI/Aerodays(2011) [pdf ]. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Recently Airbus has completed the first flight of its A320 test aircraft equipped with ‘sharklet’ wing-tip. The sharklets can cut fuel burn by up to 3.5% over the current configuration with wing-tip fences and increase the maximum take-off weight by up to 3 tonnes. The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The latest propulsion systems have advanced, improving the economics of aircraft. Early jet airliners had turbojet engines. These engines operated well at high altitudes and speeds, but had had a high fuel burn rate. When the turbo fan engine was introduced it could move a greater amount of air at lower speeds, than the turbo jet engine, as it had a large fan attached on the front. By enclosing the fan inside a cowling, the aerodynamics was better controlled. This reduced fuel consumption, compared to a turbojet. The next-generation engine technology is provided by Boeing’s engine partners, General Electric and Rolls-Royce. The latest engines being the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the General Electric GEnx. These engines incorporate a bypass ratio of about 10, compared to the first turbo fan engines having ratios of about 7. The higher bypass ratio allows the engine to be quieter, with significantly reduce fuel consumption. This lowers cost for the 787 operators and reduces emissions, lessening the environmental impact of the aircraft. Chevrons on the nacelles significantly reduce shock cell noise in the aft cabin. Both the Trent 1000 and the GEnx engines are interchangeable at the wing of the 787. This reduces operating costs and gives the 787 liquidity and strong residual value. Both the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the GEnx eliminate the engine bleed air system and associated pneumatic system. This improves the reliability and efficiency of the aircraft by further reducing fuel consumption and maintenance costs. The electric system improves efficiency by removing only the power actually needed during each phase of flight. The aircraft have a health management system which monitors the electrical systems, improving the aircrafts productivity. General Electric recently delivered a new innovation in technology producing advanced composite material fan blades .The process results in a 100% defect-free, carbon-reinforced epoxy blade , which means no voids in the fibres. In order to accomplish this, advanced sensor and data acquisition systems were used. This technology will continue to be used on wide-body aircraft of the future, Resulting in lower cost, and greater efficiency. Duncan, Tom, 2010. Engines of Today. Commercial Airliners, 2, 8. An innovation to watch out for in the near future is the use of Titanium aluminide turbine blades. Titanium aluminide’s low density means that a turbine blade will be about half the weight of a blade made from a traditional nickel alloy blades. Reducing the density and the weight of an aircraft engine has huge benefits. Materials of the Future – Online Stuff – Science Museum London . 2011.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/materials_of_the_future.aspx. [Accessed 16 December 2011] Using the range equation you can calculate the range of an aircraft, if you have the value of the following components. R = distance flown (m) u = velocity (m/s) Isp = specific impulse (s) L/D = lift-to-drag ratio (dimensionless) Winitial = gross aircraft weight at the start of cruise (kg) Wfinal = gross weight at the end of cruise (kg) Houghton, E.L.H, 2003. Aerodynamics for engineering students.. 5th ed. Great Britain: Heinemann (book publisher) The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The appearance of aircraft has not changed much over 50 years because when it was first designed the cone shaped fuselage with wings attached had good design and technology features. The process of designing and producing a new aircraft is very expensive and risky. There is enormous economic risk along with a large investment and liability risk. The (you bet your company curve) plot below shows the cumulative gain or loss in an aircraft project during its life. It was recently estimated that a new large airplane project at Boeing would take 20 billion dollars to develop. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. 2011. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. [ONLINE] Available at: http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/origins.html. [Accessed13 December 2011] Aircraft manufacturing companies are not likely to take risks on projects that rely on unproven technology. This is the reason that innovative concepts are not likely to be tried out on the next generation of commercial airliners and why aircraft such as the 787 look so much like the Boeing 707. Customers of commercial aircraft manufacturers can sell their planes which are basically the same appearance as 50 years ago. There is not enough financial gain to design an aircraft with a different appearance. In addition, passengers may prefer to board an aircraft that consist of a tube with wings rather than an aircraft in the shape of a large triangle. The new 787 Dreamliner is a prime example of how innovations in new airframe and propulsion technology can lead to a more efficient aircraft. From innovative composite materials to aerodynamics to propulsion technology the 787 has become 70% more fuel efficient than the 1950s-era four-engine Pratt Whitney JT3D-powered Boeing 707s. This has considerably increased revenue potential through significantly better performance, improved fuel efficiency and lowered maintenance decreasing operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. How to cite The Latest Developments of Air Transport, Papers

Research Proposal Free Sample Solution For Cloud Computing

Question: Describe about the Research Proposal For Cloud Computing? Answer: Abstract Cloud computing is a contemporary buzzword which have changes the face and soul of IT industry in a way that the companies can interact over the internet. The realm of cloud computing includes a range of services of scalability, reliability, high performance and low cost. The most contemporary services in the industry are formed by blending service oriented architecture and hardware components of data centers. It is the sole catalyst for adding onto the technical, business and strategic value to enterprises for innovative solutions and services. Cloud computing is an interesting field with a conglomerate of technologies, theories, concepts (Armando, 2011) etc. Cloud computing includes public, private and hybrid clouds where public cloud is based over pay per use basis, private clouds having personally designed application over internal infrastructure, and hybrid being a collaboration of both the concepts. Introduction Cloud computing is an ubiquitous and on demand service for networking to provide a configurable shared pool of services and resources like services, storage, applications, infrastructure etc. It forms a part of Software as a Service (SaaS) with blend of software and hardware. It is a combination of Utility Computing and SaaS. It is a utility metaphor for cloud computing which is service and consumer oriented. The scope of the study is to have an insight into the theories and concepts of cloud computing by dwelling deeper into the present literature with adequate research and sufficient study. The study will ponder over the frameworks and platforms of cloud computing. There will be a scope analysis for pros and cons of all the types and services of the cloud computing. The scope of the study also focuses over the security issues that are prevailing in the industry with some upcoming problems that may occur in adoption of cloud services. With the present scope of the study, there is a huge business scope in addition to technological scope for future. There might be more number of available applications in the upcoming years and an enhanced growth for use of hybrid clouds. There can be future scope for innovative and creative services for cloud computing. Literature review The history of cloud computing can be traced back to the time sharing model along with virtual private networks. The evolution of cloud computing was preceded by grid computing, parallel computing, and utility computing. Cloud computing evolved as SaaS model modulating into an application domain for anytime, anywhere and anyhow easy access in a dynamic manner. The fundamental models for cloud computing are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) and each one of them have various pros and cons with different functionalities. IaaS services from a large pool of data center comprises of networks, firewalls, storage, and computers. This model installs application softwares in the cloud for use in a virtual environment which is based over demand providing raw materials like networking, hardware or processors (Armbrust, 2010). There must be a control over deployed applications, operating system or storage leaving the consideration of underlying architecture. PaaS has a solution stack with features of database, web servers, programming language, execution environment etc. Users can create their own applications by the means of programming language or API libraries. PaaS model is a complete set of toolkit comprising of integration services, interface designing, and process logics. Every model f or Enterprise Resource Planning or Customer Relationship Management is observed under SaaS having a multi-tenant architecture facilitating productivity and collaboration. Cloud computing ease up the process of information sharing within an organization by providing softwares and licensed applications with just one installation over the cloud. The remote machines kept in the data centers fosters an efficient way of information storage and usage (Breiter, 2009). There is no need of overburdening the local computers which may be solved by running the interface software over the cloud computing platform. Server virtualization is utilized in cloud computing to minimize physical needs of servers and back end data centers. It is for the purpose of maximizing the output and running capacity of a processor. There are many characteristics of cloud computing such as elasticity, dynamicity, flexibility, and many more. Horizontal and vertical scaling, reliability to ensure data security, quality of service elements like throughput, response time, agility and adaptability (Bristow,2010), reduced and affordable cost, sustainable development, less energy consumption, and many more such beneficial features. There are various technological issues in the domain of cloud computing focusing over evaluation and optimization. Some of the techniques in this field are allocated for dynamic resource allocation and its improvement to dwell out estimates and statistics for performance of cloud networks with some of the critical scenarios of load failure. Data management is another such technological category in which large scaled and distributed nature of clouds is considered. Software development for the utility of cloud computing deals with a stream of software enabled and developer-oriented research and strategies. Programming frameworks are also analyzed with the help of the tool MapReduce paying special attention over restructuring and automation (Buyya, 2009). Service management focuses over the lifecycle of the cloud, its deployment and publishing, selection of the services that will be provided by the cloud. Security and privacy issues of the cloud are major issues of concern for the publi c companies to invest their resources and capital in adoption of cloud computing. Figure 1: Cloud Computing Architecture (Hayes, 2008) Business aspects of cloud computing are in relation with the utility, effectiveness, cost and other such factors related to cloud computing. Cost is a major factor affecting the frequency of cloud adoption. There are algorithms to determine the minimum operational costs for the strategy of storage in the cloud. Legal issues pertain to Deontologist, Utilitarian and Rawlsian aspect looking after ethics of usage of cloud (Cervone, 2010). The privacy issue comes up because of management by third party and due to degree of sensitivity attached with the information. Cloud computing was regarded as the top ten revolutionary technologies in IT industry. Figure 2. Priorities of Contemporary IT (Cervone, 2010) There are various domains and dimensions attached with cloud computing such as vast computing power and association with eScience community, eGovernment system including electronic voting system, educational field including IT, online collaborative writing, operational management (Hayes, 2008), e learning, library resources etc., open source technology or the fields of mobile computing for semantic wen engines. The issues with cloud computing are skeptical and controversial such as data confidentiality, availability of services, slow scaling, cost crunch, performance unpredictability, data lock in, software bugs or virus etc. There is lack of active standardization for APIs and software licensing issues (Kritsonis, 2011) related with it too. It is difficult for a single operator to manage the data confidentially to avoid theft, misuse, illegal malfunctioning etc. Another prevailing threat and issue is of trans-border data flow and some data proliferation for various companies under a single cloud. It is difficult to trace any kind of duplicates or some backups stored for the critical information. Another issue is of lack of power or control over the lifecycle of data available over the cloud. In the models of IaaS and PaaS, virtual machines are used for data storage, uploading, processing or downloading and if at once media is wiped out, there is no surety or conformity that the upcoming us er wont be able to access that data with the help of some innovative technology or hacking medium (Grobauer, 2011). Figure 3. Pros and Cons of cloud computing (Grobauer, 2011) Research methodology The research methodology adopted by the study was qualitative to gain a better review about the views of businessmen and corporate managers in regard with the cloud computing so as to have a future review of the scope of the hot technology which is conquering the IT world. In the qualitative study, the method of interview was adopted and various different people in this business world and results were collected for analyze the pattern of success or failure of this new cloud computing technology. The strength of the qualitative analysis was a descriptive study presented in the light of cloud computing to help us gain views and perspectives of people connected directly or indirectly with the concept and technique of cloud computing. However, there is a weakness with simply qualitative analysis that it lacks quantitative study and analysis including statistics, charts, patterns and other numerical analysis. The segmentation, targeting and positioning was used to prepare a complete, comprehensive and concise report about the cloud computing and its adoption among the people. The IT industry was targeted and segmentation was done based over the position and post of people in the industry. The basis of segmentation was the position of people in the industry who are in relation with the cloud computing and are using it is some form or the other. Targeting was done to select stakeholders of IT industry who are in close relation or are directly related with the concept and application of cloud computing. Planning, Organization and Analysis The study will follow a timeline starting from preparing a checklist for cloud computing and some interview questions prepared on a general basis. Interview questions and a format shall be made customized as per the participants of IT industry by gaining knowledge and information about the potential participants in the survey. The planning and organization of the proposed research for studying the scope and application of cloud computing. The organization of the collected results and patterns should be made to wisely to dwell deeper into the acceptance and use of cloud computing. The analysis of the study will help us to get a better understanding that how cloud computing can help a larger section of the society with the help of varied applications. The results showcased that cloud computing has become an integral and most sighted component in the industry of technology. Many business organizations and companies make special use of cloud computing for sharing information, making busi ness decisions online and giving access to important information of the company to each and every employee via the means of cloud. Conclusion The undeniable and foreseeable benefits of cloud computing have made it as a new revolution in IT industry. The massive and huge developments in the field of cloud computing have made the cloud services affordable to business of any scale to share and store information. With a high upsurge in the trend of adoption of cloud, there are various shortcomings or security issues related with the buzz field. To let cloud computing become a mature and self sustained technology in the field of IT, it is essentially important to overcome every barrier or challenge related with it and innovate for a more affordable, sharable and scalable cloud providing service. References 1. Armando, F. (2011). Cloud ComputingWhats in It for Me as a Scientist?. Science, 331(6016), 406.2. Armbrust, M., A. Fox, R., Griffith, A.D., Joseph, R.,Katz, A.,Konwinski, et al. (2010). A View of Cloud Computing. Communications of the ACM, 53(4), 5058.3. Breiter, G., and M. Behrendt (2009). Life Cycle and Characteristics of Services in the World of Cloud Computing. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 53(4), 3:13:8.4. Bristow, R., T. Dodds, R. Northam, and L. Plugge (2010). Cloud Computing and the Power to Choose. EDUCAUSE Review, 45(3), 14.5. Buyya, R., C.S. Yeo, S. Venugopal, J. Broberg, and I. Brandic (2009). Cloud Computing and Emerging IT Platforms: Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering Computing as the 5th Utility. Future Generation Computer Systems, 25(6), 599616.6. Cervone, H.F. (2010). An Overview of Virtual and Cloud Computing. OCLC Systems and Services, 26(3), 162.7. Hayes, B. (2008). Cloud Computing. Communications of the ACM, 9(3), 51.8. Lin, G., D. Fu, J. Zhu, and G. Dasmalchi (2009). Cloud Computing: IT as a Service. IT Professional, 11(2), 10.9. Kritsonis, T. (2011). Security Risks in the CloudReality, or a Broken Record?. Infosecurity, 8(1), 2023.10.Grobauer, B., T. Walloschek, and E. Stocker (2011). Understanding Cloud Computing Vulnerabilities. IEEE Security Privacy, 9(2), 5057.

Married to the wrong sex Essay Example

Married to the wrong sex Essay Name Course Instructor Date We will write a custom essay sample on Married to the wrong sex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Married to the wrong sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Married to the wrong sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Married to the wrong sex Marriage is a significant social institution. Many people marry for different reasons, and the engagement of two individuals into a union of marriage takes place regularly. Marriage between two individuals also depends on a variety of factors. These factors bring the two people together into one common union. For many, marriage takes place when the two individuals realize they have known each other well and for a significant amount of time. However, couples who claim to discover the true character and personality of their spouse is not a rare case. Homosexuality has been an essential debate in marriage. The discrimination and controversy surrounding the issue has led many people to lead secret lives. Many men and women hide their sexuality and enter into heterosexual relationships. These relationships are designed to help the person live according to the conservative standards of a marriage. However, they maintain the homosexual relations with their partners. This issue has become p revalent in many households and has been a breaking point for the marriages. Homosexuality has been an issue of controversy since time immemorial. Society has always defined sex and sexual orientation in the most traditional and conservative manner. Religion has always viewed the act as sin and discredited homosexual marriages in religious places. Many people therefore grow with the established perceptions on homosexuality. Radicals and liberalists have attempted to change the status quo (Connors, 56). These radicals are also disregarded and their ideology overanalyzed. However, perceptions of gay and lesbian couples are slowly changing. Legalists and human rights have forged a war to safeguard the rights of homosexuals. This group of people is slowly being integrated and accepted in society. Marriage as defined by society should be heterosexual. Heterosexual marriages are considered the â€Å"normal† thing for couples. Some homosexuals dent their sexual preference to enter the conservative marriage structure. Therefore, they opt for having a wife or husband and raising a family with children. This option has proven difficult for many individuals. These people are locked into a dilemma whether they are actually happy with their choice or they should retreat to their former lifestyles. Such dilemmas ultimately affect their relations and commitment to their spouse. Research undertaken by the Family Pride Coalition reveals up to 20 percent of the gay men in America are engaged in heterosexual marriages. These statistics also includes women. Research on women however is not conclusive and their number could be more. This is because women numbers are difficult to attain and decipher because there is no clear understanding on women’s sexuality. Such statistics not only reveal the reality in America but also other countries across the globe. Many people might overlook the notion that gay people actually enter into homosexual marriages but these people are living secret gay lifestyles. However, their spouses are unaware of their sexual orientation (Cothran, 132). These marriages can therefore be defined to be a hiding place for many homosexuals. There are people who deny themselves their sexual desires and preserve the unity of the family. These people are therefore lost in a myriad of desires and disillusionment. Those enter into heterosexual marriages may never experience their true happiness. They might lead miserable lives feeling like they are lying to themselves. On the other hand, others claim that it is the right thing to do and follow the norms of society. There are homosexuals that have contained themselves in heterosexual marriages, desert their lifestyles for the sake of standards in society, and maintain the family unit. There are sections of homosexuals who marry the opposite sex but still engage in homosexual relations. Couples married to these people can therefore be defined to be â€Å"married to the wrong sex.† Their spouses are not always aware that the people they love or know so much might not be who they claim to be. Most of the people involved in such unions claim they are under pressure to do so. Religious leaders have voiced their opinion against gay and lesbian unions. They claim it is sinful. Religious leaders began addressing the issue of homosexuality in the early 1970s and the debate intensified in the years that followed to date. Mainline clergy have played important roles in establishing the terms and conditions for the debate (Olson, et. al.) Therefore, homosexuals evaluate their options and decide not to be on the wrong end of religion. With the choice to marry, normally they are welcomed in church and treated like the rest of the congregation. They are given the opportunity to lead â€Å"normal religious† lives without fear of condemnation. The consequences of revealing homosexuality among religious people has seen many people face discrimination or chased away from religious gatherings. Some clergy and religious leaders who have shown support to homosexuality have also been denied their positions in religious engagements (Olson, et. al.). Homosexuals also face extreme pressure from society. People have mixed perceptions towards homosexuality. Society also incorporates the notion of religion that homosexuality is evil. Therefore, many people view homosexuals as an â€Å"abnormal† group of people. Therefore, homosexuals submit to the pressure by society and enter into heterosexuals marriages. The high level of discrimination of gays and lesbians is a driving force towards â€Å"normal† marriages. Homosexual couples in states like Canada and America have cited increased discrimination by other normal couples. These couples are discriminated in their neighborhoods and other social engagements involving couples. Discrimination at the social level also extends to their families and friends. Some homosexual couples have been denied association from family and friends. The alienation from close people is a major fear for many homosexuals leading them to opt for heterosexual marriages. Parental knowledge of the child’s sexual orientation is important. However, parents whose children are gay or lesbian face many challenges in accepting their children as homosexuals (D’Augelli, et. al.). Some parents understand their children’s sexual orientation and accept them. However, there are parents who will carry out numerous procedures, tests and counseling sessions to correct their child’s orientation. Corrective measures are difficult on the child who ends up conforming to the standards of the parent. Sexual orientation disclosure among many youths is stressful and many are unsure of the implications their revelation will have on their families. Young people who disclose to their families their status face victimization and ill treatment. Young people who do not reveal to their families their orientation face less victimization and could secretly engage in homosexual relationships (D’Augelli, et.al.). Therefore, these people grow up leading secret homosexual lives and marry according to the desires of their family. However, they still have homosexual partners and lifelong relationships with them. The article by Jodi Shaw, â€Å"Married to the wrong sex† is a revelation for many married people or those considering marriage. The article shares the story of a gay man, Brady who is married and has a child. Brady shares his story on why he is in a marriage that is not of his orientation. Brady represents the increasing number of homosexuals that are in heterosexual relationships. Brady just like most gay men does not want to be treated the way conservatives treat homosexuals. He therefore escapes the stigma by marrying and having a child. He even says that he does not want to be treated like â€Å"one of them,† (Shaw). Homosexuality was decriminalized in the 1969 in Canada. Homosexuals have been on a steady upsurge to be treated as equal individuals by the state. Their demand on equal rights is to be allowed to get married under the formal state system and laws like heterosexuals. The controversy reached its peak in 2005. The House of Commons authorized gay marriages. Ultimately, same sex marriage was made legal in Canada. The law was to be enacted in all Canadian territories and provinces. Brady had been married two years before the legalization. He states that the law provides many closet gays and lesbians to have their legal right and freedom. Therefore, Brady has the opportunity to marry in his own right according to the law. However, according to Brady, this legal right is still impossible in the social arena. He is a Christian and goes to church regularly. His family and that of his wife has strong Christian beliefs. Despite religious perceptions towards homosexuals that they do not have a strong religious standing, Brady also has strong beliefs. These Christian beliefs also integrate the view of Christianity towards homosexuality. Christianity has always been against homosexuality and Brady feels that he will face the challenges of being a homosexual under such circumstances. Many antagonists of homosexuality believe that it is a threat to the traditional definition of marriage. This traditional marriage is a family comprising of a husband, wife and children. The homosexual family system therefore is â€Å"unnatural† according to conservatives. Brady’s hidden orientation also began when he was younger when he dated girls to conform to the system of society in terms of relationships. Just like many gay men, he felt under pressure to marry his wife Laura (Shaw). He believes that their marriage is a fraud. Marriage is purposed for procreation and many believe homosexuality is a hazard to social structures and future generations. However, other issues threaten marriage. Divorce, infertility and adultery are also dangerous to marriage. The number of marriage divorces has been on an upward trend. These statistics according to analysts is also set to increase over time. Infertility leads to the lack of children who are important in the family. Adultery on the other hand can lead to divorce, which is a limitation to marriage. In addition, homosexuals can have families through adoption, surrogates and other fertility methods. The perception of traditional marriage is questioned by the gay and lesbian community. In conclusion, equal rights are guaranteed for all people within a state in the constitution. Lesbians and gays should also have equal rights. Discrimination against these groups of people at the work place, in religious settings and other areas is denial of human rights. Such tendencies by society have driven homosexuals to accept the notion of heterosexual marriage at the expense of their happiness. It is therefore important for society to reach out to them and accept their sexual orientation. The fight for equal rights has progressed as discrimination against them has reduced and only a section of conservatives is against homosexuality. However, every person holds their right to happiness hiding in heterosexual marriages has many implications on those involved. The spouse might discover the truth and might question their role in the companionship. Feelings of betrayal and emotional disconnect for the spouse may cause psychological distress. The ultimate outcome will be divorce and resentment. It is therefore important for people to consider their options when engaging in heterosexual marriages and having secret homosexual relations. Work cited Connors, Paul G. Homosexuality. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Print. Cothran, Helen. Homosexuality. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Print. D’Augelli, Anthony, Arnold Grossman and Michael Starks. â€Å"Parents’ awareness of lesbian, gay and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation.† Journal of Marriage and Family. 67.2. (2005). Web. 22 November 2012. Olson, Laura and Wendy Cadge. â€Å"Talking about homosexuality: The views of mainline protestant clergy.† Journal of the scientific study of religion.41.1. (2002). Web. 22 November 2012. Shaw, Jodi. â€Å"Married to the wrong sex.† The Tyee. Feb 2006. Web. 22 October 2012.

Free Essays on The Gift Of Jews

The book I'm reading is called "The Gift of the Jews", written by Thomas. Basically, his writing style is such that both the believer and non-believer can be satisfied with his prose, without becoming unduly offended. He brings out points and events that most archeologists and/or biblical scholars agree on, but he does so in a way that tends not to offend. This includes the Reed Sea vs. the Red Sea, Hebrew as a written language was not developed until around 1000-800 BCE, Abraham and his descendants believed in other, less powerful Gods other than Jehovah, etc. He often puts himself in a given era and tries to portray what the people of that time probably thought and believed. For me, it was not an easy read, but a good way to better understand the Old Testament, the beginning of the Jewish, and how Jewish philosophy evolved over 2000 years, and became the basis for much of the Western World's philosophy about the human condition. When I say that, I'm not talking about Socrates or Ar istotle or the other Greek and Roman scholars. I think that they gave us the basis for rational, logical thinking. The Jewish culture, on the other hand, gave us the idea that life is a journey, not a cyclical repetition of past events, that we are all individuals, that we can all experience fullness of life, that justice is for all that humans have certain inalienable rights, and that we can all have a personal relationship with God. All of these concepts were completely foreign to the civilized world before the Jews came to be. When I think of the Tanach, the Jewish Bible, I think of it mostly as the source of guidance and identity for the Jewish people. The Bible is full of mitzvoth, commandments, both ethical and ritual, and also of the recounting of the events which created us as a Jewish people. The Bible is part of what holds us together as Jews of different nationalities and religious persuasions. It is the source of our common referents and our sens... Free Essays on The Gift Of Jews Free Essays on The Gift Of Jews The book I'm reading is called "The Gift of the Jews", written by Thomas. Basically, his writing style is such that both the believer and non-believer can be satisfied with his prose, without becoming unduly offended. He brings out points and events that most archeologists and/or biblical scholars agree on, but he does so in a way that tends not to offend. This includes the Reed Sea vs. the Red Sea, Hebrew as a written language was not developed until around 1000-800 BCE, Abraham and his descendants believed in other, less powerful Gods other than Jehovah, etc. He often puts himself in a given era and tries to portray what the people of that time probably thought and believed. For me, it was not an easy read, but a good way to better understand the Old Testament, the beginning of the Jewish, and how Jewish philosophy evolved over 2000 years, and became the basis for much of the Western World's philosophy about the human condition. When I say that, I'm not talking about Socrates or Ar istotle or the other Greek and Roman scholars. I think that they gave us the basis for rational, logical thinking. The Jewish culture, on the other hand, gave us the idea that life is a journey, not a cyclical repetition of past events, that we are all individuals, that we can all experience fullness of life, that justice is for all that humans have certain inalienable rights, and that we can all have a personal relationship with God. All of these concepts were completely foreign to the civilized world before the Jews came to be. When I think of the Tanach, the Jewish Bible, I think of it mostly as the source of guidance and identity for the Jewish people. The Bible is full of mitzvoth, commandments, both ethical and ritual, and also of the recounting of the events which created us as a Jewish people. The Bible is part of what holds us together as Jews of different nationalities and religious persuasions. It is the source of our common referents and our sens...

Undecided Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Undecided - Research Paper Example As international trade is complex and requires greater documentation and control, international commercial banks are actively involved in facilitating it by providing financial instruments that cater to exporters and importers. The role of commercial banks in international trade is of utmost important as they provide reliability and assurance to their clients, and provide an easy process to finance trade. This report will cover many aspects of international trade finance. It will focus on the financial instruments that are used to make payment in international trade, the parties involved in international trade finance, and trade finance methods. ... finances the trade cycle from the production till the goods are bought by the buyer and may require financing from the bank to support the production process. In most international trade transactions, the buyer and the supplier have separate banks that act as intermediaries to the transaction. Cash-in-advance The prepayment method involves cash in advance paid by the buyer to the seller. It is a risky and expensive method for the buyer but it may occur in cases where the seller is a long time business partner or a trustworthy party and the buyer is new in the market. In this scenario, the buyer will transfer the payment through his bank to the exporter’s bank account. This is the safest method of financing for exporters as they do not ship the goods till the payment is received from the importer. Letter of Credit A letter of credit is one of the most commonly used financial instruments in international trade. The letter of credit is a document that the importers bank issues pr omising to pay the exporter upon presentation of the relevant shipping documents such as bill of lading or bill of exchange in accordance with the terms agreed. This provides greater guarantee for the exporter as the bank is a more reliable creditor than any importer and it is easier for the importer as the bank will not release payment till the legal documents have been received. Although, this is riskier for the exporter as compared to the prepayment method, it is a secure was of transferring payment. The letter of credit stands even if the importer is unable to make the payment, thus the issuing bank is liable for the payment to the exporter and not the importer under the letter of credit. In cases where the exporter fears that the issuing bank’s guarantee is not sufficient, which could be

Economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic analysis - Essay Example Structural constraints faced by the economy have also been highlighted in the economy. 2.0 Introduction The GDP growth in India has been below potential in the last financial year (2012). Real GDP in the country has grown at the rate of 6.5 percent (according to 2012 estimate) (CIA, 2013). In 2011, the rate has been 6.8 percent (CIA, 2013). Hence there has been a 0.2 percent fall in the real GDP growth. According to a report from a leading newspaper of the country, the manufacturing sector is the major factor that is pulling the country’s growth rate downwards. This sector accounts for almost 17 percent of the country’s GDP. In the third quarter of the last year, the manufacturing sector grew by a meagre 0.8 percent. While India is mainly an agrarian economy, agriculture has grown at the rate of 1.2 percent in this quarter. This is definitely a gloomy picture that suggests that the government has a role to play to push the country’s growth status. The government of India has taken expansionary monetary policy to spur economic activities in the country. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Monetary policy In the last year (2012) the government of India had increased interest rates to control inflationary pressure since rates of consumer price inflation fluctuated around 7.5 percent in the first two quarters of 2012 (Trading Economics, 2012). However, this policy failed to reduce inflation rates to the desirable extent. The most undesirable side effect has been felt on the level of private investment activities; fresh investment (as measured by the Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)) was found to be only 33 percent of the GDP (Choudhury, 2012). GDP forecast for FY2013-14 has been scaled down from 6.2 percent to 6 percent by international brokerage firm Barclays (Economic Times, 2013a). The government has therefore taken expansionary fiscal policy to boost up investment activities in the country. The reserve bank of India has cut interest rates by 0.25 percent in May 2013, thereby reducing the repo rate from 7.5 percent to 7.25 percent (BBC, 2013). India is the third largest country in Asia and the government has cut interest rates in order to â€Å"stimulate a fresh wave of economic growth† (BBC, 2013). This policy has been adopted in an endeavour to swell money supply in the economy. Thus banks would possess more money for lending out to borrowers (NASDAQ, 2011). Rate of interest â€Å"is the opportunity cost of holding money† (Boyes and Melvin, 2008, 339). Low interest rate can be interpreted in this way; there is little opportunity cost of holding money. Money demand has negative relationship with rate of interest (Walsh, 2003). Therefore the money demand curve has a downward slope. As interest rate shrinks quantity of money demand rises. It is illustrated by the following figure: Figure: Money demand is a negative function of rate of interest (Source: Author’s Creation) As interest rates are reduced, supply of lo anable funds increase. This increases investment and consumption activities in the country. Figure: Lowering of interest rate supply of loanable funds rise (Source: Author’s Creation) Higher availability of lendable funds reduces interest rates from i1 to 12 and quantity of money demanded rises from L1 to L2. Downward trend of inflation in mid 2013

Financial Analysis of Vodafone

Financial Analysis of Vodafone Vodafone group PLC is a British multinational mobile network operatorheadquarter in Newbury, England. It has formed in 1984 as a subsidiary of recal electronics PLC. It became an independent company in 1991 and changed its name to Vodafone group PLC on 2000.Vodafone is a world leading mobile telecommunications company. Vodafone provides a wide range of Communication services, including voice calls, SMS text messaging, MMS picture and video messaging, internet. Access and other data services Vodafone is the world largest telecommunication network company with 146 subsidiaries Vodafone directly own and manage about 2,200 stores around the world and they also have around 10,300 Vodafone-branded stores run through franchise and exclusive dealer arrangement, An industry with 5.6 billion customers with growth driven by increasing global demand for data services and rising mobile penetration in emerging markets. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS An Organization is a group of people that working together towards a common goal. There are 2 types of Organizations. Private Sector Public Sector Private Sector It is the part of national economy that is not directly controlled by the government. It provides more job opportunities for the people. So they will give a good support to the government. Private Sector includes sole traders, partnerships, joint ventures, limited companies, Co-operatives, clubs and societies. Sole Trader ship It has no complexities, with minimum interference of statutes, which is run by a single individual with his own capital, the decisions too being taken by himself. The most common business unit of the world is these. The main reason for this is that, ability of this business to be carried on without the necessity for adherence to rules. Partnerships It is a legal relationship between two or more individuals who are working together to achieve a specific goal. They should have an intention to earn profits, Collective responsibilities and a common destiny or goal. Joint ventures It is a short term association of a few persons in order to accomplish a specific task. Generally they do not use a business name. The joint venture is dissolved when the specific task is accomplished. This is a short term business type. Incorporate Companies In Sri Lanka institution registered under the companies ACT NO.7 OF 2007 is considered as an incorporated company. It includes Limited Companies, Companies limited by guarantees, unlimited companies, Offshore Companies, Foreign Companies. Public Sector It is the part of an economy that is directly controlled by the government. Public Sector is the largest sector of any economy in the country. It provides basic goods or services that cannot be provided by the private sector. It includes Gov. Departments, Gov. Corporations, and Gov. Companies. It is also known as State Sector or the Government Sector. Responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholders are individuals, groups or organizations that have an interest in the activities and behavior of a business. They can be internal stakeholders, like employees and partners, or external, such as customers, suppliers, government or the media for example. All stakeholders can influence as well as be influenced by Vodafone. Every Stakeholder has responsibilities towards the Vodafone to achieve vodafones goals and objectives. Owners and share holders As the owner of a business, it is the responsibility to pay for employees and provide them with proper benefits, including sick time and health insurance. Aside from payment and benefits, responsibilities of an entrepreneur include listening to employee concerns keeping employees in good working conditions, and hiring and firing employees when needed. Managers The manager must be able to ensure that all requirements of his department are met on time and motivate employees to perform at their highest capabilities. He must also know exactly what each of his staff is capable of and give them work that they can complete effectively while also challenging them to achieve more. Staff and employees They have to perform their tasks carefully, keep business and professional secrets confidential. They have to follow the supervisors instructions and improve their abilities and skills. They have to be honest and polite to the company. Customers After using goods or services they have a responsibility to give feedback to the company. Customers have to provide clear and correct information about their needs and wants. And they have to give the correct information required. They have to be loyal and honest to the company. Suppliers They have to supply the good quality products to the company at right place at right time. They have to be honest to the company. Have an effective communication process with the company. Government They provide rules, regulations, lows, and policies for business. They have to find weather the business is legal or not and they can provide licenses for the sensitive products. Identify Vodafone profile Mission statement; To enrich customers lives through the unique power of mobile communication Vision statement; To be the worlds mobile communication leader Goals Goals are the clearly stated objectives of the company, Vodafone has stated six global strategic goals Delight our customers Built the best global Vodafone team Leverageglobal scale and scope Expand market boundaries Be a responsible business Provide superior shareholder returns Values Values are the beliefs of an individual or a group. Vodafone has four core values described internally as passions For customers For results For Vodafone people For the world around Vodafone Vodafone growth Vodafones Key revenue performance indicators Vodafone group PLC has shown their growth of revenue in this table. We also aim to lead the tablet segment, which is growing rapidly. We were the first operator to launch an Android Honeycomb tablet with the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1v and we have started to distribute the Apple iPod 2. During the year we introduced the Vodafone K4605 USB stick which provides theoretical peak data download speeds of 42.2 Mbps using 3G/HSDPA technology and a 4G/LTE USB stick which has the potential for faster download speeds. We also launched Vodafone WebBox and Vodafone TV services (Annual report-2011 page23). Vodafone market share We can clearly identify the market share of the Vodafone group has increased rapidly year by year. The good will of the vodafone has increased by providing perfect service for thie customers and could have create loyal customers. Different types of economic systems Capitalism (market economy) Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and the firms mainly target profits, in competitive markets. it is known as market economy because it is seek to maximize satisfaction or profit through own decision regarding consumption or production. Characteristics all resources are owned by individuals The decisions about the allocation of those resources are made by individuals without government intervention No significant economic role for government is necessary. The concept of supply and demand plays a role in determining the pricing structure A market economy encourages competition. The U.S. is most commonly example for market economy which had many provisions that facilitated and protected the market economys characteristics.. Advantages: The market gives producers an incentive to produce goods that consumers want. The market provides an incentive to acquire useful skills. The price system encourages producers and consumers to conserve scarce resources. Disadvantages (1) A private market economy may be quite unstable (unemployment, inflation, growth) (2) Business may simply satisfy the wants they have created through advertising. (3) Prices may affect to the consumers (4) Markets just do not work in some areas such as public goods, and national defense Socialism (command economy) Characteristics The government creates a central economic plan for all sectors and regions of the country. The government allocates all resources according to the central plan. The goal is to use the nations capital, labor and natural resources in the most effective way possible The central plan sets the priorities for production of all goods and services. The goal is to supply enough food, housing and other basics to meet the needs of everyone in the country. Cuba, North Korea, China, Russia and Iran are the most commonly examples of command economies. Russias Go plan has been the most studied. It was also the longest running, lasting from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Advantages The govt. Will ensure a more equal distribution of income and wealth Essential goods/services will be provided to the community The govt. Can determine which goods are produced. 1. There is little consumer choice. 2. Little variety of goods and services 3. Loss of individual freedom 4. Leads to allocate and productive inefficiency 5. Subsidies on essential goods and services quickly lead to shortages. Mixed economy A mixed economy is an economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system. This kind of economic system has both privately-owned and state-owned enterprises or that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, economic systems. Characteristics private sector business activity encouraged. taxes used to collect revenue to pay for state goods and services. The government also provides services such as education, health, military defense, legal and infrastructure to society. The government plays an important role in resolving economic problems faced by society advantages less inequality of income because intent of government is to have a balanced economic growth of an economy. allows individuals to run their business and make profits Goods and services are produced to benefit the society rather then to benefit the economy. Fiscal policy Fiscal policy is the use of taxes and government spending to control the economic activity of a country.the government uses this policy to continue, Economic growth Price stability Full employment Expansionary fiscal policy Before the government spending increase and before the tax rate reduction or both GDP is low because the price level of the economy is low. After increase G and reduction T, GDP is high because increase of the AD. Shifting the graph to the right. (AD to AD1 )This is accomplished by increasing aggregate expenditures and aggregate demand through an increase in government spending or a decrease in taxes. Expansionary fiscal policy leads to a larger government budget deficit or a smaller budget surplus. Crowding out effect C:Documents and SettingslankaDesktopquestion_24.gif Contractionary fiscal policy Before the tax increase and government spending decrease or both GDP is high because price level is high. After increase tax and decreased government expenditure increased AD is low, GDP is low and price level is low. Contractionary Fiscal Policy creates budget surplus shifting the graph to the left(AD1.to AD) . monetary Policy Monetary Policy consists of change in money supply to influence interest rates and thus the total level of spending in the economy. Monetary policy tools are, Open market operations This is the most important instrument to control the money supply and demand of the economy.FED buying bonds from banks and public to expand monetary policy by increasing bank reserves. FED selling the bonds to the bank and public to tight the monetary policy by reducing the bank reserves. Reserve ratio It is Designed to change the amount of required reserves. FED raises the ratios to cantrction the monetary policy. It means bank loose the reserves and reduce the ability of the creating money. FED lowers reserve ratios to expan the monetary policy, banks gain tha reserves and ability to create money. Discount rate Interest rate charge by FED on the loans they granted to commercial banks. Easy money policy (Contractionary monetary policy) It is the monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply by buying securities, lower the reserve rate and lower the discount rate. These all directly impact the interest rate.FED increase bank reserves by purchasing securities and at the lower rate bank can keep more money in the volute and create money. C:Documents and SettingslankaLocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordfig115.gif It is the monetary policy that FED seeks to reduce money supply in the market by selling securities, increasing the reserve rate, and rising the discount rate. It is causes to reduce bank reserves and volute money at banks. It is decrease money supply in the economy. In the curve shifted to the left (Ms1 to Ms2) Fiscal policy impact to the Vodafone UK Because of the UK statutory tax rate reduced to 26%, effective from 1 April 2011 and the impact on the year end tax balances. EBITDA increased by 8.0% with the EBITDA margin increasing by 0.7 percentage points, reflecting higher service revenue. A shareholder in the Company who is an individual resident for UK tax purposes in the United Kingdom is entitled, in calculating their liability to UK income tax, to a tax credit on cash dividends we pay on our shares and the tax credit is equal to one-ninth of the cash dividend. The tax free allowance all income earners are allowed to earn an amount of income before they start to pay tax., the personal tax free allowance in the UK for 2011-2012 was  £7,475. Monetary policy impact to the Vodafone UK According to the Vodafone annual report, 45.9bn revenue performs in 2011 and it is 3.2% growth in compared with 2010. It is because the UK government expands the monetary policy by buying Bonds from people and it caused to money supply increased. People has more money to spend on Vodafone services and products there for the demand of the mobile customers are increased by 14.5% to 370.9 m. International trade The economic interaction among different nations involving the exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. The guiding principle of international trade is comparative advantage, which indicates that every country, no matter their level of development, can find something that it can produce cheaper than another country. As a multi national company, Vodafone Global Enterprise manages the communication needs of over 560 of our largest multinational corporate customers. It provides a range of managed services which bring together every aspect of a customers telecommunications infrastructure, both fixed and mobile,(Annual report Vodafone group-2011) Advantages by international trade for Vodafone Quality of the product has been increased because of high competition with foreign businesses Having an open economy Growth of high technologically methods using by Vodafone group Increased company reputation world wide Market share has been increased Disadvantages smart phones and the tablet market begins to take off. markets remain competitive and the economic environment, particularly across southern Europe, is challenging. Foreign Industry regulators continue to impose lower mobile termination rates and lower roaming prices. The combination of competition and regulatory pressures. Increase prices of the Vodafone products because of tariffs. Emerging markets Definition The term emerging markets is commonly used to describe an economy with a GDP per capita substantially below the advanced world average and typically with a growth potential above the global average. According to the World Banks definition an emerging markets country has a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita less than approximately USD 9,000.(growing markets) The most exciting emerging markets are, BRICs( Brazil, Russia, India, China), Mexico, South Africa, Clombia, Hungary, Indonesia, Turkey, Poland, Malaysia,Chile,peru, Thailand. Barriers to entering emerging markets for UK businesses Differences in language and culture are important barriers to entering fast-growing markets like the BRICs. Global trade has always been vital to the UK UK firms looking to export for the first time continue to face too many barriers that put them at a competitive disadvantage to their overseas competitors. capital is drives many businesses to take on the risks of doing business in emerging markets. Considering about the success of Vodafones in emerging markets, The number of customers using mobile services in emerging markets such as India and Africa has grown rapidly over the last ten years, increasing by over 17 times, compared to nearly 130% in more mature markets such as Europe. increased revenue market share in India and Turkey. Approximately 75% of mobile customers are in emerging markets such as India and China. EU crisis This week BCC met with a delegation from APEX, the Brazilian trade and investment promotion agency. It is clear that there are vast opportunities in the country, as indeed there are in the other emerging markets, which UK firms are yet to take full advantage of. BCCs latest research confirms that the EU remains the most popular destination for UK exports. Just under half of Chamber exporters see the large and faster-growing BRIC economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China as the best prospective markets for increasing business over the next twelve months. Unfortunately, exporters to the fast-growing BRIC markets are the most likely to encounter barriers that hold back sales.

The Similarities and Differences Between Professional Football and Basketball

humanism A new concept of human individuality, originating in the citystates of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy, that was based on desire for excellence in scholarship, creative work, and education. The humanist movement spread to northern Europe, France, England, and elsewhere, and continued to flourish until the mid-seventeenth century. Among its more familiar literary figures are, in Italy, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca (known as Petrarch), Giovanni Boccaccio, Baldassare Castiglione, and Niccolo Machiavelli; in England, Thomas More, Francis Bacon, and John Milton; in France, Francois Rabelais and Michel de Montaigne.Books setting forth an ideal of the well-formed individual, ruler, or commonwealth are a major aspect of the humanist movement, from Leonardo Bruni’s Dialogues ( –? ) to Roger Ascham’s Schoolmaster ( ), Machiavelli’s The Prince ( , publ. ), Castiglione’s The Courtier (ca. , publ. ), and More’s Utopia ( ). Durin g the Renaissance the term humanista meant nothing more than a teacher of Latin. But the Latin classics proved to be the key to the era’s renewed understanding of the individual’s goals and ideas.Latin authors addressed issues like the dignity of man, the role of fate, and the strength of human will: the factors in life that make for human happiness, or flourishing. HUMANISM 145 (Greek was somewhat less familiar, at least at first, among the humanists; Petrarch and Dante could not read it. ) The Renaissance’s new studia humanitatis contrasts with the earlier medieval version of education, which consisted of the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy).In the medieval scheme, there was little room for the study of history or moral philosophy. Now, though, education could be based on the ethical ideas suggested by the ancients in their literary and philosophical speculations. The key terms of the It alian humanists are fame, fortune, glory, and virtue. They see creative achievement and knowledge as heroic tasks, analogous to the brave deeds of conquerors and emperors. In the Middle Ages, prior to the humanist revolution, the sense of history was providential, based on the sacred narrative of the Bible, and moving from creation to revelation and edemption. (Saint Augustine’s City of God [ – / ] was the major commentary on this narrative. ) In the Italian Renaissance, with political life controlled by rivalrous city-states, history became a matter of daring strategy, not scriptural validation. Providential history did not disappear, of course; it was a significant influence in the Reformation. But it had been challenged. Another aspect of the humanist movement was its sense of intimacy with the classical past. Petrarch wrote a series of familiar letters addressed to Homer, Virgil, Cicero, Livy, and others.Allied to this closeness with antiquity was a desire to corr ect the distortions of ancient texts, to recover them in their original fullness. The ambition to search for the source characterized the humanist attitude toward religious texts and ideas. The great Netherlandish humanist Desiderius Erasmus translated the New Testament into Latin ( ), saving the sacred text from the errors committed in the Vulgate (the medieval Latin Bible, in the universally read version produced by Saint Jerome). In an effort analogous to his philological study of the original text of the Bible, Erasmus in his Colloquies ( reacted against the medieval corruptions of church hierarchy. Through his description in the Colloquies of friendly, egalitarian conversation on both spiritual and worldly matters, he tried to regain the original ethical ideal of Christian community and decency: a humorous, liberal-minded fellowship. For humanists like Castiglione in The Courtier, the self became a work of art, with the individual’s â€Å"knowledge and skill informed by proportion and 146 HUMANISM grace† ( Joseph Mazzeo). The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, in his great Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy ( , first described the ambition of figures like Leonardo da Vinci and the architect Leon Battista Alberti to become the uomo universale, or universal man. Here Burckhardt evokes the supremely well-rounded, eccentrically talented Alberti (who became worldfamous as the inventor of the laws of perspective): â€Å"In all by which praise is won, Leon Battista was from childhood the first: . . . with his feet together, he could spring over a man’s head; . . . in the cathedral, he threw a coin in the air till it was heard to ring against the distant roof. . . He acquired every sort of accomplishment and dexterity, cross-examining artists, scholars and artisans of all descriptions, down to the cobblers, about the secrets and peculiarities of their craft. . . . He also wrote an Italian treatise on domestic life in four books; and eve n a funeral oration on his dog. . . . And all that he had and knew he imparted, as rich natures always do, without the least reserve, giving away his chief discoveries for nothing. † Burckhardt concludes by remarking, of this godlike lusus naturae, that â€Å"an iron will pervaded and sustained his whole personality. Alberti proved that the individual can do anything, and with perfect style. The humanist was an intellectual hero and adventurer. His interest in magic and mystical lore, like Francis Bacon’s devotion to science, was a way to achieve power over the secret sources of nature. For Pico della Mirandola, author of the Oration on the Dignity of Man ( ), the human self was distinguished by flexibility and aspiration, and was capable of raising itself almost to divine level: wrestling successfully with the Protean, the endlessly various, character of God’s creation.The Renaissance is the real home of humanism. But Victorian sages like Matthew Arnold, Thomas Carlyle, and John Ruskin shared the humanist belief in individual aspiration and excellence, necessarily grounded in the strength of the surrounding culture. Their concerns lived on in the works of American critics a hundred years later: for example, Lionel Trilling and Irving Howe. In the early twentieth century, a â€Å"new humanism† was promoted by the literary critics Irving Babbitt and Paul Elmer More, who reacted against the overly specialized aspects of philology as it was then practiced.But Babbitt and More were felt to be too vaguely emotive, their moralizing too glib. When critics like Robert Penn Warren and Cleanth Brooks turned, in the s, toward a stricter consideration of the technical aspects of poetic lan- HUMANISM 147 guage, they were in fact promoting another version of the humanist ideal: man as the hero of articulation, expressing his precarious and uniquely complicated existence, and fighting with the weapons of skilled ambiguity, irony, and paradox (see NC ). Humanism can be a pejorative term in current literary and cultural criticism, especially in the disciplines of cultural studies and new historicism. This turn began with the philosopher Martin Heidegger, whose â€Å"Letter on Humanism† ( ) criticized Jean-Paul Sartre for his humanist existentialism. Heidegger asserted that man, Sartre’s focus, was a limited concept and should be superseded by the notion of Being (in German, Sein or Dasein, two distinct but related terms).Later philosophers like Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, both highly influential in literary studies, followed Heidegger’s lead in questioning the centrality of the human. But humanism always seems to return, if humanism is understood as the commitment to asking whether particular goals, practices, and ideas serve or damage the hope for human excellence and happiness. The definition of humanist ideals remains a constant concern of philosophy and cultural commentary, as seen recently i n the works of thinkers like Martha Nussbaum and Tzvetan Todorov.On Renaissance ideas of humanism, see Joseph Mazzeo, Renaissance and Revolution ( ); Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought ( ); Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance ( ); Eugenio Garin, Italian Humanism ( ); and Thomas M. Greene, The Vulnerable Text ( ). Constance Jordan provides an interesting account of Renaissance humanism in its attitude toward women in Renaissance Feminism ( ). Rebecca Bushnell in A Culture of Teaching ( ) connects Renaissance ideals with contemporary American debates over education.